Explanation: See related work on Education | Educational inequity | Irregular work scheduling, See more work by Leila Morsy and Richard Rothstein. Haskins, 2014. Richard L. Canfield, Charles R. Henderson Jr., Deborah A. Cory-Slechta, Christopher Cox, Todd A. Jusko, and Bruce P. Lanphear, Intellectual Impairment in Children With Blood Lead Concentrations Below 10 g per Deciliter,New England Journal of Medicine 348, no. These programs help schoolchildren develop critical thinking and cultural experiences that support success. Staff Han, Miller, and Waldfogel, 2010. 24 (2011): 232433. 69, No. * Mostly non-Hispanic whites, but also includes Asians, and others. A more reliable measure than the ECLS-K on this score is the Bureau of Labor Statistics American Time Use Survey (ATUS), which also asks adults about educationally supportive activities.dTable 1 compares white to black adult reports. Single mothers are more depressed and more likely to abuse children, causing worse outcomes for children themselves.53, Frequent home moves also cause childhood stress, from loss of friends and from instructional discontinuity. Her account would be retweeted . The allegations first attracted attention after Zyahna Bryant, a 19-year-old UVA student and social justice activist, made them on Twitter during the demonstration. Table 10 shows shares of hourly paid workers, particularly working parents, who receive little advance notice of weekly hours, making earnings unpredictable. Amato, 2005. Nonprofit Professional Employees Union. Here's how it impacts your workplaceand our democracy. Jodi Kantor, Working Anything but 9 to 5: Scheduling Technology Leaves Low-Income Parents With Hours of Chaos, New York Times, August 13, 2014. Phone: 202-775-8810 epi@epi.org Today, when remains of lead pollution from gasoline, along with lead paint in poorly maintained residences, are the chief sources of lead, disadvantaged children in older and congested urban areas are most affected. Counseling parents to improve childrens nutrition by increasing iron and calcium intake is one, because these minerals in appropriate quantities can help to block the absorption of lead by preventing the body from mistaking lead for these essential nutrients. Among low-income African American mothers, those who are less educated tend to provide less assistance and be less supportive and encouraging of their children during home-based teachable tasks like puzzle-making.27 Because African American mothers have lower average education levels than white mothers, this finding can likely explain an overall racial difference in these parenting behaviors. Peggy Patten and Anne S. Robertson, Focus on After-School Time for Violence Prevention, Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education, ERIC Digest, EDO-PS-01-7, 2001. 8 (2008): 14951502. John J. Schlitt, Linda J. Juszczak, Nancy Haby Eichner, Current Status of State Policies That Support School-Based Health Centers, Public Health Reports 123 (NovemberDecember, 2008): 73138. Such characteristics interact, so precise estimates are not possible for the shares of achievement gaps attributable to specific social class differences, just as they are not possible for the shares attributable to teacher performance or other school qualities. Han and Miller, 2009. 80. 10. See note 17. The table describes workers at age 39, a typical childrearing year. Scholars who gave us invaluable advice as we prepared this report include David Berliner, Jared Bernstein, Christopher Edley, Peter J. Fugiel, David Grissmer, Wen-Jui Han, Ronald Haskins, Susan J. Lambert, Daniel P. Miller, Lawrence Mishel, Susan B. Neuman, Elyse Pivnick, John Schlitt, Heather L. Schwartz, David Ribar, and Peter Simon, along with three anonymous reviewers. 97. We conclude by recommending policies to reduce the intensity of these specific disadvantages. The following are the latent functions of the student council: Representative of students' views - The student council's responsibility is to convey the views of the students to higher authorities. Latent functions of the institution of education include the formation of friendships among students who matriculate at the same school; the provision of entertainment and socializing opportunities via school dances, sporting events, and talent shows; and feeding poor students lunch (and breakfast, in some cases) when they would otherwise go Comparing 15-month-olds of otherwise observably similar mothers (similar in age, cognitive capacity, educational level, marital status, family size, level of depression, and both recent and long-term poverty status), the toddlers whose mothers have non-standard work demonstrate worse perception, memory, learning, problem solving, and verbal communication.66 At 36 months, they have worse verbal comprehension and have a harder time naming objects.67 Patterns established this early in life are difficult to reverse, and have a strong influence on adolescent and adult outcomes. Han, Miller, and Waldfogel, 2010. See note 58. See note 16. Correlations between specific socioeconomic barriers and child outcomes may, in many cases, seem small. Wheeler and Brown, 2013. Nicholas Zill, Christine Winquist Nord, and Laura Spencer Loomis, Adolescent Time Use, Risky Behavior, and Outcomes: An Analysis of National Data, Rockville, Md. Newsroom Only 11 states explicitly assure reimbursement to such clinics for Medicaid-eligible children who are enrolled in managed care organizations. 120. Rick Nevin, How Lead Exposure Relates to Temporal Changes in IQ, Violent Crime, and Unwed Pregnancy, Environmental Research 83, no. Uses threats of violence 4. Washington, D.C.: Future of Children, Fall 2010, at p. 3. Source: Presser and Ward (2011),[60] Chart 3. For each comparison, differences in having personal physicians or nurses are small, but the differences are so consistent across all comparisons that real problems seem evident. See note 63. 100. 40. Crime rates fell more rapidly in states where leaded gasoline was banned more quickly.110. That students social and economic characteristics shape their cognitive and behavioral outcomes is well established, yet policymakers typically resist accepting that non-school disadvantages necessarily depress outcomes. Social structures have different consequences depending on what group is affected. A dysfunction for some people, is quite beneficial to others. While the study did find such interests among both adult and K-12 . The Affordable Care Act includes funding for visiting nurse programs, but they serve few families needing this support. Student Council Bonding Events 33) Lunch Box Social: On Valentines Day, have a Stuco lunch party and alternate girls cooking for guys and guys cooking for girls. 34) My Tie: Have a dinner party with all the council members. Julia R. Henly and Susan J. Lambert, Unpredictable Work Timing in Retail Jobs: Implications for Employee Work-Life Outcomes, Industrial and Labor Relations Review 67, no. 1 (May 2000): 122, at 2. ECLS-K: 2011 also surveyed parents about literacy activitiesreading aloud, telling stories, doing artconducted with their entering kindergartners. New research, insightful graphics, and event invites in your inbox every week. Increasing childrens lead-in-blood levels by 10 percent predicts a 1 percent increase in child behavior problems but a 4 percent increase in teenage aggressive behavior, a 5 percent increase in teenage criminal behavior, and an 8 percent increase in teenage pregnancy. Weininger and Lareau, 2009. a. Other characteristics, all associated with povertyincluding parental unemployment and low wages, housing instability, concentrated disadvantage in segregated neighborhoods, stress, malnutrition, and health problems like asthmadeserve similar treatment. 60. David Grissmer, Kevin J. Grimm, Sophie M. Aiyer, William M. Murrah, and Joel S. Steele, Fine Motor Skills and Early Comprehension of the World: Two New School Readiness Indicators, Developmental Psychology 46, no. 52. 3. 44. Subsequently, combustion engine traffic grew rapidly. * Ratio is not calculable because there were reported minutes for white adults but not for black adults. Misuses drugs or alcohol 3. Pia Rebello Britto, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, and Terri M. Griffin, Maternal Reading and Teaching Patterns: Associations With School Readiness in Low-Income African American Families,Reading Research Quarterly41, no. Joseph G. Grzywacz, Stepanie S. Daniel, Jenna Tucker, Jill Walls, and Esther Leerkes, Nonstandard Work Schedules and Developmentally Generative Parenting Practices: An Application of Propensity Score Techniques,Family Relations 60, no. 69. If childrens diets are too low in calcium, substitution of lead becomes more likely. They act as mediators between the principal and the students. Haskins, 2014. 20. However, the most important remaining source of lead today is lead-based paints in homes built before 1978, particularly those built before 1950, and lead pipes that carry drinking water from municipal water supplies.93, In recent decades, the lead-in-blood level considered dangerous was reduced from an earlier standard of 10 micrograms per deciliter, and in 2003 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) determined that there is no safe blood lead levelany exposure is harmful.94 The danger is greatest for children younger than seven, and effects of this early exposure persist throughout life.95 Of the many social, economic, and environmental conditions that influence youth performance, the relationship between lead and negative outcomes is one of the most firmly established, partly because so many studies have consistent findings, and partly because the rates at which states required the elimination of leaded gasoline differed from 1975 to 1985, creating a natural experiment that reasonably well isolated the role of lead in causing cognitive and behavioral changes.96, Blacks remain about twice as likely as whites to have levels greater than a dangerous 5 micrograms of lead per blood deciliter.97 Most American children have levels of 1 or 2, but about half a million, mostly living in urban neighborhoods, have levels above 5.98. See note 39. See note 37. 94. Lower class is a socioeconomic status, contrasting with middle class and upper class., b. Both manifest and latent functions are beneficial to society. : National Center for Healthy Housing, 2014. Report of Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention, Blood Lead Levels in Children Aged 15 YearsUnited States, 19992010, Issue Brief: Childhood Lead Exposure and Educational Outcomes, Focus on After-School Time for Violence Prevention, Making the Case: A Fact Sheet on Children and Youth in Out-of-School Time, Elizabeth Warren to Help Propose Senate Bill to Tackle Part-Time Schedules. 5 (2005): 100817. None of this reports recommendations alone will close the achievement gap, but, implemented together, they could make a substantial difference. Han and Miller, 2009. Every lead-in-blood increase of 1 microgram per deciliter is associated with a loss of about three-quarters of an IQ point up to about 10 micrograms, and a loss of one-quarter of a point for every microgram above 10.105 Using this estimate, it appears that the decrease of lead-in-blood from 16 to 3 micrograms per deciliter from 1976 to 1991, noted above, might have been responsible for an average IQ increase for American children of as much as six points. See note 17. : Westat, 1995. See note 99. Engages in emotionally, physically, or sexually abusive behavior. Helen Raikes, Gayle Luze, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, H. Abigail Raikes, Barbara Alexander Pan, Catherine S. Tamis-LeMonda, Jill Constantine, Louisa Banks Tarullo, and Eileen T. Rodriguez, Mother-Child Bookreading in LowIncome Families: Correlates and Outcomes During the First Three Years of Life,Child Development77, no. See note 37. But no study controls for all, and few control for very many. Students without adult supervision after school are at significantly greater risk for pregnancy, arrest, truancy, stress, poor grades, substance abuse, and other risk-taking behaviors. Pamela Joshi and Karen Bogen, Nonstandard Schedules and Young Childrens Behavioral Outcomes Among Working LowIncome Families,Journal of Marriage and Family69, no. Workers required to stay beyond their regularly scheduled shifts should be entitled to overtime premiums, even if they have not yet worked 8 hours in the day or 40 hours in the week. May 16, Annual Caring Force State House Rally, Providers' Council (Massachusetts) May 17-19, Washington State Nonprofit Conference, Nonprofit Association of Washington. 72. Ron Haskins, Marriage, Parenthood, and Public Policy, National Affairs 19, Spring (2014): 5572, at 60. Jana Kasperkevic, Elizabeth Warren to Help Propose Senate Bill to Tackle Part-Time Schedules, Guardian, July 23, 2014. Donate. A network of state and local organizations improving workers' lives through research and advocacy. 16 (2003): 151726. 7 (July 2011): 316. Census, Americas Families and Living Arrangements (2013). ** Does not include children in households where no parent lives.
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