which of the following was a progressive era reform

187220, William H. Harbaugh, "Roosevelt, Theodore (27 October 1858 06 January 1919)", harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShesol2010 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShoemaker2004 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHenretta2006 (, James A. Henretta, "Charles Evans Hughes and the strange death of liberal America.". [249], The Flexner Report of 1910, sponsored by the Carnegie Foundation, professionalized American medicine by discarding the scores of local small medical schools and focusing national funds, resources, and prestige on larger, professionalized medical schools associated with universities. The 16th Amendment got rid of apportionment and created a direct income tax; income tax being the amount of money the government takes from your salary and apportionment being the old way of collecting taxes from the citizenry that was based on population rather than income. "[266] The slogan was no longer accurate by April 6 of the following year, when Wilson surprised much of the Progressive base that twice elected him and asked a joint session of Congress to declare war on Germany. The American Federation of Labor (AFL) had 1.6 million members by 1904. Maya Welch is an experienced and Massachusetts certified history teacher who spent over seven years teaching middle and high school. [281], Historians of women and of youth emphasize the strength of the Progressive impulse in the 1920s. Dayton adopted his policies; by 1920, 177 American cities had followed suit and adopted city manager governments. The most important political leaders during this time were Theodore Roosevelt, and Robert M. La Follette. It was elitist, and emphasized education and expertise. The most prominent organizations were the La Proteccin de la Infancia, and the National Federation of Women's Clubs.[215]. [127] When the U.S. entered the war a high priority was to end prostitution in proximity to military installations. The Progressive Era (1890-1920s) was a turning point in American history during which many important reforms were passed. (1975). "Urban Liberalism and the Age of Reform", Miller, Worth Robert. The Progressives argued the need for government regulation of business practices to ensure competition and free enterprise. "Social Imperialism as Trasformismo: A Political Economy Case Study on the Progressive Era, the Federal Reserve Act, and the U.S.'s Entry into World War One, 18901917", in M. Lakitsch, Ed., Thelen, David P. "Social Tensions and the Origins of Progressivism,", Glad, Paul W. "Progressives and the Business Culture of the 1920s,", Lemons, J. Stanley. He is remembered for investigating corruption in municipal government in American cities and leftist values. They remained staunch isolationists deeply opposed to any involvement in Europe. He finally ran an independent campaign for president in 1924 that appealed to the German Americans, labor unions, socialists, and more radical reformers. By 1930, 12.4% of 18- to 21-year-olds were attending college, whereas in 1890 only about 3% of this demographic had an interest in higher learning. In 1913, the Sixteenth Amendment was ratified, and a small income tax was imposed on higher incomes. [154] Actions such as these from whites of the Progressive Era are some of the many that tied into the Progressive goal, as historian Michael McGerr states, "to segregate society. Jim Crow and disenfranchisement of Black voters was even higher on the agenda. As the United States entered World War I, the Conscription Act banned the sale of liquor near military bases. W. Bruce Fye, "The Origins and Evolution of the Mayo Clinic from 1864 to 1939: A Minnesota Family Practice Becomes an International 'Medical Mecca'", Barry C. Edwards, "Putting Hoover on the Map: Was the 31st President a Progressive? The American reformers blamed peasant resistance to landownership for the law's failure and argued that large plantations and sharecropping was the Philippines' best path to development. People during that time thought the same thing and were ready to make a change. Within the first hours of prohibition, the police in Chicago reported the theft of medicinal liquor. [87], Wisconsin from 1900 to the late 1930s was a regional and national model for innovation and organization in the progressive movement. However, some former Populists changed their emphasis after 1900 and supported progressive reforms. Place the following Progressive accomplishments in chronological order. The primary objective was to enhance public health and promote social morality, specifically in matters concerning sexuality and reproductive health. Paul Fass, speaking of youth, says "Progressivism as an angle of vision, as an optimistic approach to social problems, was very much alive. Progressives argued these needs deserved a higher priority. It was an era of conflicting impulses that expanded political power but also restricted the number of people who actually could exercise that power. It also included trusts or combinations in beef, lumber, wine, turpentine, wallpaper, licorice, thread, and watches. This disarray enabled the conservatives (called "Stalwarts") to elect Emanuel Philipp as governor in 1914. [126] The movement targeted prostitution or "white slavery" and aimed to eliminate it by criminalizing it and enforcing stricter penalties for those involved in the sex trade. He failed to win the nomination for governor in 1896 and 1898 before winning the 1900 gubernatorial election. [265] A strong anti-war movement headed by noted Progressives including Jane Addams, was suppressed by the Preparedness Movement and Wilson's 1916 re-election, a victory largely enabled by his campaign slogan, "He kept us out of the war. He managed to convince lawmakers on the issues of money and banking by the creation in 1913 of the Federal Reserve System, a complex businessgovernment partnership that to this day dominates the financial world. Related Items. Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette initiated state Progressive reforms, commonly referred to as the "Wisconsin Idea." [14] He suggested that using the initiative would give political power to the working class and reduce the need for strikes. "[270] Gerster and Cords argue that, "Since progressivism was a 'spirit' or an 'enthusiasm' rather than an easily definable force with common goals, it seems more accurate to argue that it produced a climate for reform which lasted well into the 1920s, if not beyond. "[271] Some social historians have posited that the KKK may in fact fit into the Progressive agenda, if Klansmen are portrayed as "ordinary white Protestants" primarily interested in purification of the system, which had long been a core Progressive goal. The Society of American Indians, founded by Carlos Montezuma, focused on the plight of Native Americans and condemned federal intervention into the affairs of indigenous peoples. The 16th Amendment did away with apportionment and created a direct income tax based on how much money each person makes each year. [180], The most urgent need was better transportation. Many labor unions, trade groups, and professional, civic, and religious associations were founded. Roosevelt gave these journalists their nickname when he complained they were not being helpful by raking up too much muck. The reform of schools and other educational institutions was one of the prime concerns of the middle class during this period. The feminist perspective, by pushing for this type of education, intended to explain that women had separate but equally important responsibilities in life with men that required proper training.[246]. The machine was temporarily defeated, allowing reformers to launch the "Wisconsin idea" of expanded democracy. Most Northern states followed suit, with reformers proclaiming grass roots democracy. Despite this change, the candidates were still selected by party conventions. [113][114], When candidates for office were selected by the party caucus (meetings open to the public) or by statewide party conventions of elected delegates, the public lost a major opportunity to shape policy. Wickersham discovered that trust busting meant higher prices for consumers. U'Ren had been inspired by reading the influential 1893 book Direct Legislation Through the Initiative and Referendum,[74] and the group's founding followed in the wake of the 1896 founding of the National Direct Legislation League, which itself had its roots in the Direct Legislation League of New Jersey and its short-lived predecessor, the People's Power League.[75]. Edwards, "Putting Hoover on the Map: Was the 31st President a Progressive" p 60. ", Theresa Ventura, "From Small Farms to Progressive Plantations: The Trajectory of Land Reform in the American Colonial Philippines, 19001916. His Iowa successes included establishing the direct primary to allow voters to select candidates instead of bosses; outlawing free railroad passes for politicians; imposing a two-cents-per-mile railway maximum passenger fare; imposing pure food and drug laws; and abolishing corporate campaign contributions. The AFL represented mainly skilled, white, native-born workers. Activists, called progressives, began pushing for social, political, and economic reform across the country. The federal government responded to Sinclair's book and the NeillReynolds Report with the new regulatory Food and Drug Administration. The 18th Amendment created prohibition in the United States - Americans could not make, sell, or transport alcohol, though it would be repealed in 1933 by the 21st Amendment. In August they organized the Progressive (" Bull Moose ") Party and named Roosevelt to lead the third-party cause. The Massachusetts Democratic Party were gravely weakened by the primary system. There were about a dozen members of this group, including William Borah of Idaho, George W. Norris of Nebraska, Robert M. La Follette Jr., of Wisconsin, Gerald Nye of North Dakota, Hiram Johnson of California and Bronson M. Cutting of New Mexico. in. [6] For many progressives this meant prohibition of alcoholic beverages. While white Progressives in principle believed in improving conditions for minority groups, there were wide differences in how this was to be achieved. Political machines, which were party organizations designed to win elections headed by a single boss, controlled local government and politics. Mary Richmond and Jane Addams: From Moral Certainty to Rational Inquiry in Social Work Practice. Progressive Amendments addressed several issues facing American society. The result, according to political scientist Henry Jones Ford, was that the United States Senate had become a "Diet of party lords, wielding their power without scruple or restraint, on behalf of those particular interests" that put them in office. A single mother living in a tenement receives a pension from the government to support her and her children., Out of the . In general, they accepted the concept of laissez-faire, a doctrine opposing government interference in the economy except to maintain law and order. The influx of immigration grew steadily after 1896, with most new arrivals being unskilled workers from southern and eastern Europe. Log in for more information. Open Primaries and Representation,". It pitted the minority urban Catholic population against the larger rural Protestant element,[227] Progressivism's rise in the rural communities was aided by the general increase in public consciousness of social issues of the temperance movement, which achieved national success with the passage of the 18th Amendment by Congress in late 1917, and the ratification by three-fourths of the states in 1919. [19] In his 1906 novel The Jungle Sinclair exposed the unsanitary and inhumane practices of the meatpacking industry, as he made clear in the Jungle itself. President Theodore Roosevelt was a leader of the Progressive movement, and he championed his "Square Deal" domestic policies, promising the average citizen fairness, breaking of trusts, regulation of railroads, and pure food and drugs. [40], With the major parties each nominating conservative candidates in the 1924 presidential election, left-wing groups coalesced behind La Follette's third-party candidacy. Roosevelt believed that "good" and "bad" corporations existed, and he was committed to going after greedy financiers interested only in profit. In 1913, while revolutionaries took control of the government, Wilson judged them to be immoral, and refused to acknowledge the in-place government on that reason alone. He promoted a strong army and navy and attacked pacifists who thought democracy at home and peace abroad was best served by keeping America weak. The changes that the Progressive Era brought about were limited. [233] Agitation for prohibition began during the Second Great Awakening in the 1840s when crusades against drinking originated from evangelical Protestants. Progressive Amendments. The ratification of the 19th amendment in 1920, which recognized women's suffrage was the last amendment during the progressive era. [192], In the Gilded Age (late 19th century), the parties were reluctant to involve the federal government too heavily in the private sector, except in the area of railroads and tariffs. [206], Progressives looked to legal arbitration as an alternative to warfare. 285313. Progressive Era reform aimed to do what was best for the community: the American people. Tennessee, Illinois, Kentucky and Kansas took the lead in 19041905, followed by Arkansas, Iowa, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, Ohio, Oklahoma, Texas and West Virginia. Perhaps the most significant reflection of Progressive Era reforms comes from the Constitution. [211], While anti-imperialist sentiments had been prevalent in the United States during this time, the acquisition of the Philippines sparked the relatively minor population into action. Which, if any, have an undetermined numerical value? The main themes ended during American involvement in World War I (1917-1918) while the waste and efficiency elements continued into the 1920s. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. He called for government ownership of railroads and electric utilities, cheap credit for farmers, stronger laws to help labor unions, and protections for civil liberties. Their concept of national democracy rested on the hope that the states and Congress might counteract the centralizing alliance between national parties and the trusts. [214], Elite Filipina women played a major role in the reform movement, especially on health issues. Muckraking magazines, notably McClure's, took on corporate monopolies and political machines while raising public awareness of chronic urban poverty, unsafe working conditions, and social issues like child labor.
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