today, an individual under the correctional system:

The dependance of pretrial risk assessment tools on data thatreflect systemic bias is the crux of the issue. Donate today and fuel our fight in courts, statehouses, and nationwide. In the second quarterof 2021, 88% of people incarcerated in jails in the state were white, 16% were Black,2% were Native American and 1% were classified as other race. In the same quarter,ethnicity data for incarcerated people showed 67% were non-Hispanic, 33% were Hispanicand 9% were classified with unknown ethnicity.. The supervision of criminal offenders in the resident population, as opposed to confining offenders in secure correctional facilities. b. self-destructive. To have a clearer sense of the racial makeup of who is incarcerated at any given time,some systems developed data dashboards to provide information on their jail populations. Location: United States of America . These charts provide a fuller picture of racial inequality in the criminal . Find out more about these laws on NCSLs Law Enforcement Training webpage. The Auburn System (continued) The silent system was used, but hard to enforce Corporal punishment used for violations Marched from place to place Short haircuts Distinctive uniforms First use of solitary confinement Prison industries (the prison was self -sufficient) The Prototype American Prison 19 (Other articles | Full bio | Contact). Though American Indian and Alaska Natives make up a small proportion of the national incarcerated population relative to other ethnicities, some jurisdictions are finding they are disproportionately represented in the justice system. Collection of demographic data can serve as a means of ensuring compliance with thoseprovisions or informing officials on current practices so they can respond accordingly. Sentencing enhancements in Californiahave been foundto be applied disproportionatelyto people of color and individuals with mental illness according to the statesCommitteeon Revision of the Penal Code. BJS). Today all kinds of activities come under the heading of corrections. The death of a patient being held at the New Hampshire prison system's psychiatric facility is under investigation, officials said. A truly successful case for youth would result in the adolescent learning from the experience without exposure to the severity of an adult prison, altering their decisions and life course moving forward, and having no future contact with the juvenile or criminal justice systems. Moreover, all of these categories are so broad that they lump together groups with very different experiences with the U.S. justice system. In addition to collecting administrative data, BJS maintains a number of recurring national surveys of prison and jail inmates. In March 2020, the difference in the average number of charges dropped after filing between Hispanic and white defendants was 1.3, with Hispanic defendants having more charges dropped. Community supervision is either a post-incarceration phase or an outright alternative to incarceration, which has become costly to society. This phenomenon is not uncommon, considering factors like predisposition to violence, proclivity to break the law, and the external environment. In addition, some states automatically process any individual, regardless of age, through the adult criminal justice system for some serious offenses. Additionally, NativeAmerican and Hispanic girls and boys are also overrepresented in the juvenilejustice system relative to their share of the total youth population. Furthermore, by examining the rate at which stopped drivers were searched and turned up contraband, the study found that the bar for searching Black and Hispanic drivers was lower than that for searching white drivers. This development has come from a change in attitude in how to effectively and appropriately deal with criminality in our society. This page also includes applications, visual representations of data in various dashboards, data mapping utilities and other online tools available to the corrections community. The dashboard includes informationon the racial and ethnic makeup of jail populations in the state. Anyone who is not of a legal age is never locked up in a general prison with adults. Either case grants convicted felons conditional liberty or provisional freedom subject to periodic evaluation and restrictions similar to those of parolees. 28 states had mandatory juvenile life without parole sentences that were in conflict with the Supreme Court ruling. Overseeing the confinement of inmates who are serving their sentences is their primary role, but their expanded responsibilities typically include the reform and rehabilitation of sentenced offenders, organizing educational opportunities, and offering counseling in preparation for reentry into society. Figure 4 shows the wide variation in both incarceration rates and violent crime rates across the states. Corrections data, with a few exceptions, covers adult agencies or facilities and adult offenders. Prisoners' Rights | American Civil Liberties Union. These charts provide a fuller picture of racial inequality in the criminal justice system, and make clear that a broad transformation will be needed to uproot the racial injustice of mass incarceration. The state Department of Corrections announced the death at the Secure Psychiatric Unit in Concord in a statement late Saturday. Statistics. Similarly, Idaho (2019HB 118) now requires all documents, data, records and informationused to build and validate a risk assessment tool to be publicly available for inspection,auditing and testing. Generally, persons who are booked in these institutions are called inmates. A: Sharp-eyed readers will notice some inconsistency in the terms used in the charts above, and across the literature more generally. This extends beyond policing, of course: Systemic racism is evident at every stage of the system, from policing to prosecutorial decisions, pretrial release processes, sentencing, correctional discipline, and even reentry. Data collections vary in scope, burden, and frequency of collection (see individual data collection descriptions for more information). - Tristan, AccessibilityPrivacy PolicyViewers and Players. At the federal level, the 2018 reauthorizedJuvenile Justice and DelinquencyPrevention Actrequires states to identify and analyze data on race and ethnicityin state, local and tribal juvenile justice systems. The notion that children and youth are not innately violent or cruel is the driving force behind the juvenile justice system. A locality, state, or the BOP may hold inmates over whom a different government maintains jurisdiction. The two main types of community corrections supervision are probation and parole. The growth in the corrections system has resulted mostly from deliberate policies that have increased the severity of sentences. Although the increase in prison population receives the most publicity, a great portion of correctional growth has occurred in: Corrections has one clear primary goal: rehabilitation. In March 2020, an 11% difference existed in misdemeanor drug case filing rates between Black/Hispanic and white defendants, with Black/Hispanic defendants more likely to have their cases filed. Notable findings from the report include stark racial and gender disparities in pretrialpopulations with higher detention rates and financial conditions of release imposed onminority populations. BJS included an opioid addendum in the 2019 Census of Jails and released a report on this topic. The options for rehabilitation for inmates vary by facility, offense, and sentence length. These bodies examined disproportionalitiesin the criminal justice system, investigated possible causes and recommendedsolutions. Mississippi Department of Corrections, 29. BJS also tracks administrative data on other topics, such as HIV in correctional facilities; sexual assault in correctional facilities; andcapital punishmentstatutes, populations, and executions. Pennsylvania Department of Corrections, 39. Thereport underscores the importance of expansive transparency throughout design andimplementation of these tools. 2 million. A: Disaggregating racial/ethnic data by sex is unfortunately not the norm in reports produced by the federal government (i.e. This excludes private facilities under exclusive contract with BOP. National: Making a Difference through Youth-Adult Partnerships, National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), Department of Education Opportunity: Performance Partnership Pilots for Disconnected Youth, Gang Prevention: An Overview of Research and Programs, Keeping youth in school and out of the justice system, Myth Busters: National Reentry and Medicaid, Programs and Strategies for JusticeInvolved Young Adults, Reforming Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Approach, Secretary Duncan Hosts First Meeting with National Council of Young Leaders, OJP Releases FY 2015 Program Plan for Funding Initiatives, A Comparison of Four Restorative Conferencing Models, Balanced and Restorative Justice for Juveniles: A Framework for Juvenile Justice in the 21st Century, Behavioral Health Problems, Treatment, and Outcomes in Serious Youthful Offenders, Changing Lives: Prevention and Intervention to Reduce Serious Offending, Comprehensive Responses to Youth At Risk: Interim Findings From the SafeFutures Initiative, Curriculum for Training Educators of Youth in Confinement, Developmental Sequences of Girls Delinquent Behavior, Economic Costs of Youth Disadvantage and High-Return Opportunities for Change, Employment and Training for Court-Involved Youth, Facilitating Cross-System Collaboration: A Primer on Child Welfare, Alcohol and Other Drug Services, and Courts, Fact Sheet: Disproportionate Minority Contact, Federal Advisory Committee on Juvenile Justice Issues 2013 Report, First Issue of Journal of Juvenile Justice Available, From the Courthouse to the Schoolhouse: Making Successful Transitions, Functional Impairment in Delinquent Youth, Growth of Youth Gang Problems in the United States: 1970-98, Highlights of the 2010 National Youth Gang Survey, Implementation of the Intensive Community-Based Aftercare Program, Improving Literacy Skills of Juvenile Detainees, Intensive Aftercare for High-Risk Juveniles: A Community Care Model, Intensive Parole Model for High-Risk Juvenile Offenders, Interim Report for the Department of Labor Youth Offender Demonstration Project: Process Evaluation, Juvenile Correctional Education: A Time for Change, Juvenile Justice Bulletin: Gang Prevention, Juvenile Justice Bulletin: Juvenile Transfer Laws, Juvenile Mentoring Program: 1998 Report to Congress, Juvenile Mentoring Program: A Progress Review, Mentoring-A Proven Delinquency Prevention Strategy, Mobilizing Communities To Prevent Juvenile Crime, National Childrens Mental Health Awareness Day 2013 Short Report, May 9, 2013, National Partnership for Juvenile Services Launches Online Journal, Native American Traditional Justice Practices, OJJDP Annual Report 2012: How OJJDP Is Working for Youth Justice and Safety, OJJDP Family Listening Sessions: Executive Summary, OJJDP Releases Fact Sheet on Delinquency Cases in Criminal Courts, OJJDP Releases Fact Sheet on Delinquency Cases in Juvenile Courts, OJJDPs Model Programs Guide Adds Three Literature Reviews, Promoting Recovery and Resilience for Children and Youth Involved in Juvenile Justice and Child Welfare Systems, Prosecution, Transfer, and Registration of Serious Juvenile Sex Offenders, PTSD, Trauma, and Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders in Detained Youth, Reintegrating Juvenile Offenders Into the Community: OJJDP's Intensive Community-Based Aftercare Demonstration Program, Reintegration, Supervised Release, and Intensive Aftercare, Socioeconomic Mapping and Resource Topography, Special Education and the Juvenile Justice System, Spring 2014 Issue of Journal of Juvenile Justice, Stories of Change Among Justice-Involved American Indian Youth, Successful Program Implementation: Lessons Learned from Blueprints, Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Among Detained Youth, Survey of Youth in Residential Placement (SYRP) 2003, The Northwestern Juvenile Project: Overview, Trauma-informed Care and Outcomes Among Youth, Victims, Judges, and Juvenile Court Reform Through Restorative Justice, Women and Girls in the Corrections System, Young Offenders: What Happens and What Should Happen, Youre an Adult Now: Youth Offenders in Adult Corrections, Alaska Native Tribal Courts Gain Right to Protect Women in Domestic Violence Cases, Community-Based Responses to Justice-Involved Young Adults, Creating and Maintaining Good Relationships Between Juvenile Justice and Education Agencies, Data Dashboards to Support Title I, Part D Program Administration: A Step-By-Step Guide, Fact Sheet: Delinquency Cases in Juvenile Courts, 2013, Fact Sheet: Solitary Confinement Banned for Juveniles in Federal Prisons, Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2014 National Report, Juvenile Residential Facility Census, 2012: Selected Findings, New Modules Developed for Sexual Assault Advocate/Counselor Training, New Reports Highlight OJJDPs Tribal Green Reentry Grantee Experiences, New Title I, Part D Data Collection Resource, OJJDP Bulletin: Deterrence Among High-Risk Adolescents, OJJDP News @ a Glance, January/February 2015, OJJDP Releases Research on Youth's Mental Health Needs and Long-Term Outcomes after Detention, OJJDP Updates National DMC Data to Statistical Briefing Book, OJJDP's Pathways to Desistance Bulletins Now Available in E-Book Format, OJJDP, MENTOR Launch National Mentoring Resource Center, Policy Guidance: Girls and the Juvenile Justice System, Quality Education Services Are Critical for Youth Involved With the Juvenile Justice and Child Welfare Systems, Report: 2015 Federal Advisory Committee on Juvenile Justice Recommendations, Report: Co-Offending Among Adolescents in Violence Victimizations, 2004-13, Report: Defend Children: A Blueprint for Effective Juvenile Defender Services, Report: Developmentally Appropriate Criminal Justice Responses to Justice-Involved Young Adults, Report: Evaluations of OJJDPs Juvenile Justice Reform and Reinvestment Initiative, Report: Expanding Access to Justice, Strengthening Federal Programs, Report: Impact of Domestic Violence Policies and Practices on Girls and Young Women, Report: Judicially-Led Responses to Eliminate School Pathways to the Juvenile Justice System, Report: Juveniles in Residential Placement, 2013, Report: National Juvenile Probation Office Survey, Report: Recommendations of the LGBT Subcommittee: Advancing the Reform Process for LGBQ/GNCT Youth in the Juvenile Justice System, Report: Sexual Victimization in Prisons, Jails, and Juvenile Correctional Facilities, Resource: A Guide to the Guidelines: Practical Tips for Juvenile Drug Treatment Courts to Implement, Resource: Arts-Based Programs and Arts Therapies Literature Review, Resource: Arts-Based Programs and Arts Therapies Webpage, Resource: Building a School Responder Model, Resource: Data Snapshot on Youth Residential Facilities, Resource: Engage, Involve, Empower: Family Engagement in Juvenile Drug Treatment Courts, Resource: Improving Outcomes for Youth with Disabilities in Juvenile Corrections, Resource: Increasing Access to Higher Education for Justice-Involved Individuals, Resource: Juvenile Drug Treatment Court Guidelines, Resource: New Title I, Part D Data Collection Guide, Resource: OJJDP Policy: Monitoring of State Compliance with the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act, Resource: OJJDP Updates Juvenile Homicide Data to Statistical Briefing Book, Resource: Tribal Access to Justice Innovation, Resource: Updated Model Indian Juvenile Code, Resource: Updates to Statistical Briefing Book on Juveniles in Residential Placement, Resource: Updates to Statistical Briefing Book on Law Enforcement and Court Data, Resources on Trauma and Youth in the Juvenile Justice System: Assessing Exposure to Psychological Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress in the Juvenile Justice Population, Resources on Trauma and Youth in the Juvenile Justice System: Evidence-Informed Interventions for Posttraumatic Stress Problems with Youth Involved in the Juvenile Justice System, Resources on Trauma and Youth in the Juvenile Justice System; Trauma Among Girls in the Juvenile Justice System, Second Chance Pell Pilot Program for Incarcerated Individuals, Share with Youth: Educational Pathways for Youth Transitioning from Juvenile Justice Facilities, Support for Child Victims and Witnesses of Human Trafficking, The Effects of Adolescent Development on Policing, Tip Sheet: Federal Resources and Initiatives for Youth Who Are Neglected, Delinquent, or At Risk, Trainings: Substance Abuse Treatment, Child Welfare, and Court Professionals, Tribal Crime Data Collection Activities, 2015, Bureau of Justice Assistance Training and Technical Assistance, National Juvenile Justice Evaluation Center, National Training and Technical Assistance Center - Juvenile Justice Programs, The National Center on Education, Disability, and Juvenile Justice (EDJJ), Tribal Youth Training and Technical Assistance Center, CJCA Toolkit for Reducing the Use of Isolation, Departments of Justice, Education Release: Correctional Education Guidance Package for Serving Juvenile Justice System-Involved Youth, Desktop Guide to Quality Practice for Working With Youth in Confinement, Grants 101: A Resource from Department of Justice, IACP Youth Focused Policing: Program Impact Tools, IACP Launches Online Training Series on Juvenile Interviewing and Interrogation, Supporting the Success of Youth in Juvenile Justice Settings, NDTAC Explores What It Takes To Make Youth in Justice Settings College and Career Ready, Webinar: NDTAC Examines the Provision of Free Appropriate Education for Youth With Disabilities in Juvenile Secure Care, Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Resource: How OJJDP Is Meeting the Needs of At-Risk and Justice-Involved LGBTQI-GNC Youth, Resource: National Resource Center on School-Justice Partnerships Website, How Individualized Education Program (IEP) Transition Planning Makes a Difference for Youth with Disabilities, Youth Transitioning to Adulthood: How Holding Early Leadership Positions Can Make a Difference, How Trained Service Professionals and Self-Advocacy Makes a Difference for Youth with Mental Health, Substance Abuse, or Co-occurring Issues, Young Adults Formerly in Foster Care: Challenges and Solutions, Coordinating Systems to Support Transition Age Youth with Mental Health Needs, Civic Engagement Strategies for Transition Age Youth, Youth Involved with the Juvenile Justice System, Connections with Youth in the Child Welfare System, Multistate Mentoring Programs Initiative (Funding Opportunity), Addressing the Needs of Incarcerated Parents and Their Minor Children (Funding Opportunity), Share with Youth: Become an OJJDP Grant Peer Reviewer. The prison adopted the Auburn System and emphasized redemptive sufferingemphasis on the suffering. In addition, research suggests that "people with mental illnesses are overrepresented in probation and parole populations at . There are 3 million people in jail and prison today, far outpacing population growth and crime. Sign up for email notices of new crime and justice statistical materials as they become available from BJS. The central purpose of corrections is to rehabilitate the offender. California published itsmost recent validationreportin June 2021. Probation-Sentenced offenders are not necessarily incarcerated, and the decision on this depends on the courts. To contents Discretion is exercised throughout the criminal justice system. For people able to access and analyze the raw data, such analyses are often possible, but most people rely on the reports published by government agencies like BJS. (Sentence length may vary by state because a few states have one integrated prison system in which both prison and jail inmates are confined in the same types of facilities. It can strengthen connections, but instead has been used to sap money from incarcerated people. Bail, probation and parole services should be attuned to these needs. The law also requires the Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training to study, review and update regulations and screening materials to identify explicit and implicit bias against race or ethnicity, gender, nationality, religion, disability or sexual orientation related to emotional and mental condition evaluations. Case Filing Differences by Defendant Race/Ethnicity. Incarceration statistics help paint a picture of the disparities in the criminal justice system. Incapacitation prevents crime by removing a defendant from society. T/F Communism is a system of government in which power and responsibilities are split between individual state governments and one national government. Defend the rights of all people nationwide. Conduct againstan aggrieved person resulting in decertification by the Police Office Standards and Training Commission constitute a prima-facie violation of the right to bias-free professional policing. In most states, the law simply requires training on a subject, leaving the specifics to be determinedby state training boards or other local authorities designated by law. Most respondents submit the data on time, but for various reasons, other jurisdictions take longer to submit the data. Some limited information on the number of juveniles held in adult facilities is also collected in theNPSand theASJ. These institutions are maintained for both punishment and reform. It takes time to achieve a complete enumeration, particularly in times of staff shortages and budget cuts in many levels of government. Prisons have evolved from dark solitary enclosures designed to hold criminals before punishment, to modern-day compounds capable of housing multiple prisoners under humane conditions. NCSLs Statutory Framework of PretrialRelease reporthas additional information about state approaches to pretrial release. As is the case in the adult system, compared to young white people, youth ofcolor are disproportionately represented at every stage in the nations juvenilejustice system. Discuss how their existence has fostered the growth of corrections.4. About 2.3 million individuals are incarcerated in prison or jail, but millions more interact with the correctional system annually (Table 1). Our site does not feature every educational option available on the market. In a recent report titled Civil Rights and Pretrial Risk Assessment Instruments, the authorsrecommend steps to protect civil rights when risk assessment tools are used. Q06. The rate of incarceration in the United States is one of the lowest in the world. The detailed views bring these overlooked systems to light, from immigration detention to civil commitment and youth confinement. Victimization of Racial/Ethnic Minorities. About six-in-ten (61%) of those surveyed say their state's correctional system "works pretty well" and needs only minor changes, while a third (34%) say the system needs major changes and 5% say it needs to be completely re-built. Despite only making up 5 percent of the world's total population, the United States currently holds 25 percent of the world's prison population. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Reverby reviews a 1974 study of prison health care conditions and concludes that many of the concerns identified including too few physicians, lack of follow up, and lack of primary health carepersist today. Recent developments have involved the use of electronic tracking devices, which are attached to individuals on probation, to monitor activities and check on the behavior of individuals on probation. Corrections consists of subunits, each with its own function and responsibilities. The authors theorized this may have been due to legalization removing a common reason officers cite for conducting searches. One out of African American children has a parent who has been to prison. As they continue to develop a greater understanding of these disparities, state legislatureshave an opportunity to make their systems fairer for all individuals who encounterthe justice system, with the goal of reducing or eliminating racial and ethnic disparities. The primary goals of the juvenile justice system, in addition to maintaining public safety, are skill development, habilitation, rehabilitation, addressing treatment needs, and successful reintegration of youth into the community. The notion that children and youth are not innately violent or cruel is the driving force behind the juvenile justice system. There exists a firm belief that youth can and will lead healthy and constructive lives if given the opportunity to grow instead of being presumed irredeemable and segregated from their communities. Federal Understanding of the Evidence Base, Teen Pregnancy Prevention (TPP) Program (Funding Opportunities), Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2022 National Crime Victims Service Awards Recipients Announced, 2023 Advancing Racial Justice and Equity in Youth Legal Systems Certificate Program, Brightly-Colored Fentanyl Used to Target Young Americans, Department of Justice Awards More Than $136 Million to Support Youth and Reform the Juvenile Justice System, Department of Justice Awards Nearly $105 Million to Protect Children from Exploitation, Trauma, and Abuse, Fact Sheet: System Involvement Among LBQ Girls and Women, National Youth Justice Awareness Month, 2015, OJJDPs Fiscal Year 2021 Discretionary Awards Total Nearly $344 Million, Report: Coordination to Reduce Barriers to Reentry: Lessons Learned from COVID-19 and Beyond, Report: Data Snapshot on Hispanic Youth Delinquency Cases, Report: Healing Indigenous Lives: Native Youth Town Halls, Report: Mentoring in Juvenile Treatment Drug Courts, Report: Patterns of Juvenile Court Referrals of Youth Born in 2000, Report: Spotlight on Girls in the Juvenile Justice System, Report: Spotlight on Juvenile Justice Initiatives: A State by State Survey, Report: The Impact of COVID-19 on Juvenile Justice Systems: Practice Changes, Lessons Learned, and Future Considerations, Report: The Prevalence of Safe, Stable, Nurturing Relationships Among Children and Adolescents, Request for Information: Programs and Strategies for JusticeInvolved Young Adults, Resource: 5 Ways Juvenile Court Judges Can Use Data, Resource: A Law Enforcement Officials Guide to the OJJDP Comprehensive Gang Model, Resource: Activate: The Center to Bring Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health Research to Youth-Supporting Professionals, Resource: Archived Webinar Multi-Tiered Systems of Support in Residential Juvenile Facilities, Resource: Arrests of Youth Declined Through 2020, Resource: Child Victims and Witnesses Support Materials, Resource: Common Problems, Common Solutions: Looking Across Sectors at Strategies for Supporting Rural Youth and Families Tool-Kit, Resource: Core Youth Outcomes in Youth of Color, Resource: Data Snapshot: Youth Victims of Suicide and Homicide, Resource: Delinquency Cases in Juvenile Court, 2019, Resource: Department of Justice Awards Nearly $105 Million To Protect Children From Exploitation, Trauma and Abuse, Resource: Facility Characteristics of Sexual Victimization of Youth in Juvenile Facilities, 2018, Resource: Federal Justice Statistics Program 2020-2021 Datasets, Resource: Five Things About Juvenile Delinquency Intervention and Treatment, Resource: Focused Deterrence of High-Risk Individuals: Response Guide No. An example of a coordinating council that has examined extensive data is theEquity and Justice for All Youth Subcommittee of theGeorgia Juvenile Justice StateAdvisory Group. Alabama Prisons: 877-419-2366, or by email at USAALN.CivilRights@usdoj.gov. Most jurisdictions choose to participate because the information is helpful for policy and practice and may be used to allocate funding. Their limited freedom requires them to satisfy requirements, as mandated by law, which include the maintenance of good behavior and their periodic reporting to supervising corrections officers or other prescribed persons of authority. Many listings are from partners who compensate us, which may influence which programs we write about. Identify at least three other practices or programs that are considered part of corrections. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow1/1, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow1/2, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow1/3, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow2/1, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow2/2, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow2/3, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow3/1, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow3/2, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow3/3, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow4/1, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow4/2, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow4/3, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow4/4, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow4/5, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow5/1, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow5/2, https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/#slideshows/slideshow5/3, New report: The Racial Geography of Mass Incarceration, Stark racial disparities in murder victimization persist, even as overall murder rate declines, The criminal justice system is riddled with racial disparities, The rapid & unregulated growth of e-messaging in prisons, Dive deep into the lives & experiences of people in prison.
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