neavs org biomedical research

[53], NEAVS policy advocacy includes petitioning the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to require, when existing, validated alternatives in place of animal testing through the Mandatory Alternatives Petition (MAP) Coalition,[54] lobbying for dissection choice,[25] petitioning the U.S. In the United States, primary roles for regulating NHP husbandry, breeding, and use is performed by the US Department of Agriculture and the NIH Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare. As pointed out in the article, several different animal models have been used, and model development remains a very active area of preclinical research. NEAVS funds scientists developing alternatives, and advocates for policies requiring use of validated animal alternatives in research and testing. , Lackner A. Xia Productive breeding colonies were rapidly reestablished at the recipient NPRCs, suggesting a relative lack of stress on macaques and marmosets caused by movement among centers. I will confine this discussion to the United States, although similar considerations also obtain in Europe. F Coulston is cited for multiple violations of the 333 Washington St Ste 850, Boston, Massachusetts, 02108, United States, Find your B2B customer within minutes using affordable, accurate contact data from Datanyze. Peter Havel and colleagues review the use of NHP preclinical models for metabolic conditions, concentrating on obesity and metabolic syndrome. NHPs are often used in conjunction with other animal models, such as rodents, and results obtained using NHPs must often be used as the final criterion for establishing the potential efficacy of a pharmaceutical or vaccine before transition to human clinical trails. In addition, the rigor of the requirements for animal protection (for example for cage sizes) and welfare has, in my opinion, not been described in sufficient detail for these Asian centers. To my knowledge, there is actually very little hard data on this subject, aside from anecdote. The authors point out that there are still important medical issues regarding Hepatitis, such as the development of curative therapies for chronic Hepatitis B, as opposed to the successful development of vaccines to thwart new infections, and the development of a vaccine for Hepatitis C, as opposed to the successful development of antivirals. The physiological response to stress can differentially affect the animals reaction to a given experimental intervention (Capitanio 2017). C Our data and tools help professionals prospect for nonprofits, research opportunities, benchmark their clients, and enrich existing information. [30][44][45], The Ethical Science Education Coalition (ESEC) is NEAVS' educational affiliate. If the three-stage model of human translational research is used as a reference (Rubio et al. Neavs headquarters are located in 333 Washington St Ste 850, Boston, Massachusetts, 02108, United States, Neavss main industries are: Membership Organizations, Organizations, Business Services, Neavs appears in search results as Project R&R, Chimps Inc, Project R & R. 2014; other examples reviewed by Hewitt et al. Founded by Ethel Thurston, PhD, in 1977, AFAAR's mission is to "promote and assist the development and use of alternatives to animals in science." Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant. John D Harding, Nonhuman Primates and Translational Research: Progress, Opportunities, and Challenges, ILAR Journal, Volume 58, Issue 2, 2017, Pages 141150, https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar/ilx033. Animal research is generally recognized to be costly, time-consuming, and unreliable, and much of this research is neither appropriate nor applicable to humans. They summarize data for disorders associated with ovarian and uterine function and deleterious conditions associated with pregnancy. This article deals with global trends and guidelines followed by different countries in scientific research. This combination of local control of specific protocols and country-wide governmental regulation provides codified, publicly available regulations, such that a given Center or Laboratory knows exactly how it must house and use NHPs for research. harmful, invasive, and lethal research on all great apes in the U.S.the largest holding of chimpanzees for use in research in the world. [48], In the 21st century billions of animals have been used for human's benefit through animal testing of consumer products, in the United States and dozens of other countries. This review also briefly discusses approaches such as gene therapy, stem cell-based technologies, neuro-prosthetics, and optogenetics that can be used to restore retinal function, leading to amelioration of retinal diseases. Herson, D.W.M. Fish and Wildlife Service to list captive chimpanzees as endangered along with wild chimpanzees,[39] and lobbying for the Great Ape Protection and Cost Savings Act (GAPCSA) that would end invasive research on chimpanzees and retire all federally owned chimpanzees to sanctuary. For examples, New England Anti-Vivisection Society states on its website that it is dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and science education. These societies are well funded and skilled at communicating to the public. For example, very shortly after Zika virus was identified as a teratogen in human populations, the demand for female NHPs, such as rhesus macaques, increased. [42] In 2012, NEAVS and others organizations submitted a rulemaking petition to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) asking for criteria defining when chimpanzees are no longer needed. [24], NEAVS' affiliate, the Ethical Science and Education Coalition (ESEC), lobbied and testified before the Massachusetts state legislature in support of a bill that would have given public school students the right to opt out of dissection classes. Laboratories sticking painful eye irritants into restrained rabbit's eyes to test an eye product and cats being forced to have brain electrocutions to test for neurological pharmaceutical drugs are just two of hundreds of products tested on animals according to PETA (peta.org). [32][33][34][35][36], NEAVS also lobbied Congress in support of the Great Ape Protection and Cost Savings Act (GAPCSA), first introduced in 2008 and again in 2011. 2016), microcephaly (Ke et al. Although it would be impractical to publish the entire animal record for each experimental subject, these records contain a great deal of information that could be mined by qualified investigators to aid in the design of experiments and to form the basis of retrospective studies that could include animals or tissues derived from them from several different centers and investigations. These approaches, whether whole genome sequencing or alternatives, are likely to primarily identify Mendelian (single gene) mutations but are less likely to identify the great majority of genetic variants that contribute to complex diseases, such as cardiovascular conditions, which are caused by several genes (each of which contributes a low probability of risk to disease). endobj New technologies, alternatives, and clinical and epidemiological studies in humans can provide us better, more relevant answers without causing animal suffering. As stated by Capitanio (2017), A model is, by definition, a simplified representation of a phenomenon, and the very process of simplification means that some of the complex reality is lost. Furthermore, use of NHPs versus other models such as rodents is complicated by the many human-like characteristics of NHPs, leading to questions from researchers, stakeholders, and the public about their use for research. Our vision is to use engineering science to discover mechanisms that regulate blood disorders and innate immunity, and to exploit those mechanisms to develop diagnostic and drug delivery technologies. , Akiota MT, Mohr EL, Weiller AM, Lehrer-Brey G, Weisgrau KL, Mohns MS, Breitbach ME, Rasheed MN, Newman CM, Gellerup DD, Moncla LH, Post J, Schultz-Darken N, Schotzko ML, Hayes JM, Eudailey JA, Moody MA, Permar SR, OConnor SL, Rakasz EG, Simmons HA, Capuano S, Golos TG, Osorio JE, Friedrich TC, OConnor DH. They note that NHPs are particularly useful preclinical models because of their genetic similarity to humans, size, and the relatively faster rate of development of CVD compared to humans. There is increasing realization that variation in genetics or other factors such as the social interactions of individual rhesus or cynomolgus macaques can influence experimental results. Thus, there must be a parallel effort to accomplish more sophisticated NHP phenotyping in large numbers of animals. , Sparman M, Sritanaudomchai H, Ma H, Clepper L, Woodward J, Li Y, Ramsey C, Kolotushkina O, Mitalipov S. Tardif The ability to readily sequence individual animals has prompted the champions of this technology to suggest large-scale sequencing of many more animals, particularly rhesus at the NPRCs (Bimber et al. Discussions of NHP-related research often cite shortages in the supply of some species, leading to high prices and long waiting times to obtain animals. [13][14] This work resulted in the first and strongest anti-pound seizure law in the U.S.[15] As of 2013, 18 states had banned pound seizure. <> McGinley There are many examples of all of these uses of NHP genomic sequences in the literature, and I expect that the use of genomic sequences will increase markedly in the future. In practice, as is clear from the papers in this issue, several different animal models may be used to study a specific problem in translational science. , Pinto da Silva S, Townend D, Sandoe P. Park MA x$jDifws'rC(w[X,NwO]nuYw>|}_"t]}~>?'Y\dZwElOWn7Wfm.RXTfy^.yx\}\..0m`;uY.V|?w>0x\r^8XhlEnVt_-*j&+r{?MnG&/@x\\^lRJ3jDxW.w)]I0sO1\P6S@]'AbW3(9o_Ms'j=:E^43=pe~"%e&D^@%\{tO?h.Gu]YPX0MKm!%y*D[@B\"@&'o/\^E+.tEA{](+}1%hVloPSD,E.j _^=_z E(s5|'soa nA^%S$(LCgz`{` i#i~\Pg9 AS Proper husbandry of NHPs that reduces stress and maintains animal health is critical for the development of NHP models. The New England Anti-Vivisection Society ( NEAVS) is a national, registered 501 (c) (3) nonprofit organization "dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and science education" and replacing them with "modern alternatives that are ethically, humanely, and scientifically superior." [1] This type of coordination will, among other benefits, identify enough animals of high potential in regard to a specific disease, such that a relatively small number of animals, prescreened as likely candidates, can be sequenced. Cynomolgus macaques are imported from Asia and provided to academic and industrial investigators by CROs. Because the onset of the disease is intentional and researchers want to understand its process, the animals are not generally treated as human patients would be, and their pain and distress is often part of study protocols. Webbe included when sending NBS cards in for testing. BN Welcome to the Neeves Lab at University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus. There are currently no plans to develop an NHP version of the human HapMap. Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases), Media (books, films, periodicals, albums), Terminal laboratories in veterinary education, Dissection choice policy in Massachusetts, Protection of chimpanzees from biomedical research, Common ground: animals, women, environment, American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research, Howard, Carol. Supply problems for rhesus macaques for HIV/AIDS-related investigations have been largely alleviated since the early 1990s, when colonies of specific pathogen-free animals at the NPRCs and the Caribbean Primate Center were reestablished and supported by funding from the NIH. Research using all vertebrate animals, including NHPs, and the characteristics of the facilities that house and breed animals are regulated in North America (Griffin and Locke 2016; Tardif et al. 2016). A highly accurate and comprehensive genome sequence is important for the optimal use of any animal model for translational studies. NHP centers are therefore foci for developing improvements in experimental techniques, animal welfare, and breeding in addition to their function as suppliers of animals. Due to logistical issues and member relocation the chapter went inactive in 2005 until Steve Knight, Nicole Ball, Sue Maguire and Jack Siegel re-activated the NNEVS in 2009. , Niu Y, Ji W. Chen Roth, D.W.M. This article describes and discusses the details of this program (termed the Biobehavioral Assessment Program), the differences between these naturally occurring NHP models and induced models of conditions such as loneliness, and measurement of relevant physiological and genetic parameters in these animal models. Mustari This is, however, a highly nuanced issue. [51][52], NEAVS is also the U.S. Executive Office for Cruelty Free International, founded by the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV). , Li W, Lai X, Chen H, Huang O, Kang XZ, Li K, Ren J, Lin X, Zheng H, Huang W, Ma Y, Xu D, Chen Z, Song X, Lin X, Zhuang M, Wang T, Zhuang F, Xi J, Mao FF, Xia H, Lahn BT, Zhou Q, Yang S, Xiang AP. Prinz National Association for Biomedical Research , Coleman K, Hobbs TR, Lutz C. Van Rompay [16], In 1985, NEAVS began funding Bjorn Ekwall, PhD, chairman of the Cytotoxicology Laboratory (CTLU) in Sweden,[17] a laboratory which designs and validates alternatives to animal research, to develop an in vitro method of toxicology testing capable of replacing the LD50 test,[18][19] which assesses substance toxicity based on the dose that kills 50% of animals in the test. Combined and coordinated use of NHPs, other relevant animal models, and alternatives could enhance the ability to successfully develop pharmaceuticals with improved probability of success in human clinical trials. These authors recommend that all TB vaccine trials first be tested in NHPs before being performed in humans. 2010), NHPs are used in discovery phases that directly precede formal translational research and in the T1 phase, which transfers the results of basic research to clinical research, often called bench to bedside.. 2015), and animals with genetically encoded calcium indicators that can be used for imaging neural activity in vivo (Park et al. Examples include studies of several visual abnormalities (Mustari 2017), development of HIV/AIDS vaccines and therapeutics (Van Rompay 2017; Veazey and Lackner 2017), and therapies for tuberculosis (Foreman et al. D We are affiliated with theDepartment of Bioengineering,Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, and theHemophilia and Thrombosis Center. . However, this concept has gained little traction with funding agencies. Zimmermann, T. Schraeder, B. Reynolds, E.M. DeBoer, K.B. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. [25][28][26], NEAVS launched its national Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories campaign in 2003 to end the use of chimpanzees in invasive biomedical research and provide them permanent homes in sanctuary. For-profit centers (Contract Research Organizations (CROs)) also are a major source of animals for preclinical research. endobj . There are, however, several challenges involved with the application of large-scale genomic sequencing to develop new NHP models for translational medicine. 2014, reviewed in Harding 2017). . In regard to transportation, a question still remains as to whether some chimpanzees experienced stress that can affect their longevity at the Chimp Haven sanctuary. Webin researchan issue it has been working on for many decades. These advantages relate, in part, to the anatomy and physiology of NHPs, which allow the same types of investigations as are performed using human subjects and to the ability to pair longitudinal drug self-administration studies with noninvasive imaging studies. Fish and Wildlife Service Proposes Protection for All Chimpanzees Captive and Wild as Endangered", "NIH must retire chimpanzees to sanctuary", "Petition for Rulemaking: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services", "Agency Moves to Retire Most Research Chimps", "Announcement of Agency Decision: Recommendations on the Use of Chimpanzees in NIH-Supported Research", "Ethical Science Education Coalition (ESEC)", "Common Ground: Animals, Women, Environment", "Humane Science the Focus of Feline Meeting", "The Chimps Hear the Good News: IOM Concludes 'chimpanzees [are] not necessary', Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Labs, American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR), Animal rights in Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism, List of international animal welfare conventions, Moral status of animals in the ancient world, University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society, Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals, Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes, An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_England_Anti-Vivisection_Society&oldid=1146938653, Animal welfare organizations based in the United States, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox organization with motto or pledge, Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 March 2023, at 21:39. An example is the transfer of macaques and marmosets from the New England NPRC to four other NPRCs when the New England Center closed in 2015. WebNEW ENGLAND ANtI-VIVISECtIoN SoCIEtY Phone: Fax: Email: 617.523.6020 617.523.7925 info@neavs.org presidents Annual Message support to end chimpanzee use in biomedical research, our work has, as importantly, set the stage for arguments regard-ing the use of all species. The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) is a national, registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization "dedicated to ending the use of animals in research, testing, and science education" and replacing them with "modern alternatives that are ethically, humanely, and scientifically superior. Even when a variant animal is identified, there may be no phenotypic assay for the potential disease condition in the NHP. All Rights Reserved. 2016). Today, NNEVS offers two conferences annually to provide medical professionals an opportunity to earn 5 CMEs at EACH conference and operates as a non-profit organization for scientific or educational purposes. Problems related to transportation can therefore be troublesome for researchers. As issue editor, I expect that these reviews will be of use to many different researchers, including clinical investigators as well as personnel in funding agencies, as would be expected. <>>> Project R&R achieved its goal for a worldwide end to harmful, invasive, and lethal research on all great apes in the U.S.the largest holding of chimpanzees for use in research in the world. Therefore, changes in transportation policies by the major airlines have been inhibitory, but not disastrous. . Proof of principal of this approach has been reported by Cornish et al. NEAVS supports using alternatives to animals in research, testing, and education, and promotes in vitro, epidemiological, and clinical study data as more predictive for humans. NEAVS funds scientists developing alternatives, and advocates for policies requiring use of validated animal alternatives in research and testing. NHPs were critical preclinical models for development of these antiviral drugs (Van Rompay 2017; Veazey and Lackner 2017). Rubio Arrays have also been developed to aid in aspects of colony management, such as testing for parentage or geographic origin (Kanthaswamy et al. L 2016; Sasaki 2015; Sasaki et al. These nonprofit centers seldom import animals. These nations have made major efforts to increase the supply of NHPs available to researchers in their domestic institutions and to enhance infrastructure to breed animals and perform large scale investigations, including genomic analysis (see Harding 2017 for selected references) and development of new NHP disease models using Assisted Reproductive Technologies (see, e.g., Chen et al. The field of NHP-based translational research will benefit from a direct comparison of requirements for animal welfare across centers in all countries that supply NHPs for translational investigations. Mapping, rather than sequencing per se, has been used successfully to identify Quantitative Trait Loci in baboons that contribute to complex diseases (Cox et al. endobj [22][23] A survey completed by the Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association in 2007 indicated that half of U.S. vet schools no longer require terminal labs in core courses. They also discuss early experiments using chimpanzees, which, while unsuccessful in themselves, provided information that was useful for development of the SIV-macaque animal model. , Browne WJ, Cuthill IC, Emerson M, Altman DG. In some cases, animals can be moved to the continental United States from offshore sites by charter companies. NHPs are particularly relevant because of their highly developed cerebral cortex, cognitive functions, complex motor skills, and neuroanatomy, all of which are similar to the human. Betsy Ferguson (Oregon NPRC), Robert Norgren (University of Nebraska Medical Center), Jeffrey Rogers (Baylor College of Medicine), and my former NIH colleagues Drs. Laura Cox and colleagues provide a detailed review of the use of NHPs to study several aspects of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The development of breeding and technology centers in China and Japan is a more recent phenomenon that is impacting translational research (Cyranoski 2014, 2016). Large animal models such as dogs and swine are also used in some fields, such as oncology and transplantation medicine. The website for the US National Primate Research Centers (NPRCs) includes short discussions of the use of NHPs to study several different diseases (https://www.nprcresearch.org). This paper emphasizes the fact that environmental enrichment is a dynamic process that has evolved over time and will continue to be optimized in the future. The winner of the contest, Joseph Greene of Dorchester, Massachusetts, later reached out to lawyer and doctor Philip Peabody, one of the contest judges, with the idea of forming an anti-vivisection society. After an initial sequence is obtained, usually from one or two animals, refinement of the sequence assembly is performed based on sequencing the genome and transcriptomes of many more animals. I am a psychologist and President of New England Anti-Vivisection Society. (2016). 2009), autism (Liu et al. Chan Read more about what to send here. HIV/AIDS vaccine development is one of the most important and difficult goals of modern translational medicine. M.J. Osmond, E. Korthals, C.J. Animal Research is Hazardous Waste examines the millions of animals bred, used, and disposed as contaminated or hazardous waste. (2) To conduct high impact research [20] The resulting test better predicted human lethal blood concentrations. NHP centers provide animals and collaborate with diverse researchers from both academic and commercial laboratories. Smaller colonies of the new world marmoset (Callithrix jaccus) are also housed at the NPRCs. The articles in this issue of the ILAR Journal discuss many of these challenges and opportunities, some of which are noted briefly, below. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Underpinning all of these studies is the close similarity in physiology between the NHP and human respiratory systems. Grants from foundations and other nonprofits. For example, Xue et al. The preclinical research essential for meeting these goals requires use of NHP preclinical models. Our many thanks to the corporate sponsors of our conferences: An independent non-profit Vascular Ultrasound Society, Copyright 2023 Northern New England Vascular Society. R An extreme example of this exclusivity is the essential use of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), relative even to macaques or other monkeys, for the development of vaccines against infection by Hepatitis A and B viruses and of therapeutics to cure Hepatitis C disease (Lanford et al. Our focus is now on providing former laboratory chimpanzees release and restitution in sanctuary. Every year in the U.S., millions of animals are used as models in biological and medical research to study human disease, injury, development, psychology, and anatomy and physiology. However, although not always attained in practice, NHPs must usually be the animal model that is ultimately employed in the preclinical setting for evaluating efficacy and safety of a pharmaceutical, vaccine, or device prior to human clinical trials. K Chen (2016) and Bimber et al. Kilkenny J Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. John D. Harding at. AV Magazine. WebAccording to our records, this business is located at 45 Memorial Cir in Augusta (in Kennebec County), Maine 04330, the location GPS coordinates are: 44.3101021 (latitude), -69.7801427 (longitude). , Raboin MJ, Letaw J, Nevonen KA, Spindel JE, McCouch SR, Cervera-Juanes R, Spindel E, Carbone L, Ferguson B. Bimber Hay Kris Coleman and Melinda Novak review best practices for environmental enrichment in the husbandry of NHPs. She was elected NEAVS' first woman president in 1998. 2 0 obj , Miller P. Bayne These centers also include the laboratories of researchers that are experts in NHP-related research. Fogelson, K.B. Development of transgenic animals that closely replicate human diseases, particularly using CRISPR/Cas9-based approaches (reviewed by Chen et al. China has also increased its capacity to perform contract research that can be out-sourced to pharmaceutical companies (Xia and Gautam 2015). , Comuzzie AG, Havill LM, Karere GM, Spradling KD, Mahaney MC, Nathanielsz PW, Nicolella DP, Shade RE, Voruganti S, VandeBerg JL. S . Last month, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced in the journal Nature that it will ask grant applicants to use both male and female animals in biomedical Cost must probably be decreased further to allow for whole genome sequencing of large numbers of animals. Vision research provides one of the most clear-cut examples of the advantages of NHP preclinical models because of the close physiological similarities between humans and NHPs. K T These reviews discuss the use of NHPs to facilitate preclinical research related to many of the diseases that have the highest prevalence in humans and cause extraordinary amounts of human suffering and financial and social burdens. For many years, the United States has been the center of gravity for breeding and characterizing NHPs for preclinical research, with some breeding in Europe.
Pelican Bay Inmate Killed, Articles N